WooCommerce Add to Cart Beneath Divi Picture A Complete Information

Tips on how to WooCommerce add to cart beneath the picture Divi is a vital facet of e-commerce web site design, guaranteeing seamless person expertise. This information meticulously particulars the method, from preliminary integration to superior styling and responsive design issues. The challenges inherent in aligning “Add to Cart” buttons with photographs, notably within the context of the Divi theme, are addressed comprehensively.

Integrating WooCommerce with Divi for a web-based retailer requires cautious consideration of button placement, responsiveness, and visible enchantment. This information supplies sensible options and examples to successfully place the “Add to Cart” button beneath photographs, guaranteeing a visually participating and user-friendly buying expertise.

Introduction to WooCommerce and Divi Integration

WooCommerce is a well-liked open-source e-commerce plugin for WordPress, empowering customers to create on-line shops simply. It seamlessly integrates with WordPress, leveraging its sturdy content material administration system. WooCommerce handles essential facets of on-line retail, together with product listings, buying carts, cost processing, and order administration. It supplies a versatile framework for numerous enterprise fashions, from easy product gross sales to advanced multi-tiered shops.Divi is a flexible WordPress theme famend for its customization choices and sturdy design capabilities.

It affords a variety of pre-built layouts and customization instruments, enabling customers to create visually interesting and purposeful web sites. Divi’s flexibility extends to integrating with plugins like WooCommerce, making it a well-liked selection for constructing e-commerce web sites. Its modular construction and intensive theme choices facilitate a customized person expertise, making it a strong instrument for on-line shops.

Common Integration Course of

The mixing of WooCommerce and Divi entails a number of steps. First, putting in and activating WooCommerce on a WordPress website is essential. Then, Divi’s theme customization choices are used to combine WooCommerce’s functionalities. This will likely contain choosing applicable layouts, configuring product show choices, and guaranteeing compatibility with the chosen cost gateways. Particular steps will differ primarily based on the specified retailer design and performance.

Cautious consideration to theme customization settings is important to keep away from conflicts.

Frequent Challenges in WooCommerce and Divi Integration

A number of potential challenges come up throughout the integration of WooCommerce and Divi. Compatibility points between the plugin and theme are a frequent drawback. Theme updates or plugin upgrades could result in surprising behaviors or conflicts. Understanding the plugin’s documentation and troubleshooting guides is essential for resolving these points. Moreover, the complexities of the combination can require technical information and expertise to make sure clean operation.

Inaccurate configuration settings, resembling improper plugin activation or theme customization, can hinder correct performance.

Significance of “Add to Cart” Button Placement Under Photographs

The strategic placement of “Add to Cart” buttons under product photographs is crucial for a optimistic person expertise. It improves usability by permitting clients to simply entry the acquisition course of with out navigating away from the picture, which is the focus of the product presentation. A well-designed e-commerce platform prioritizes an easy path to buy, thereby enhancing the client journey.

This technique additionally reduces the cognitive load on the client, streamlining the shopping for course of. Research have proven that prominently positioned “Add to Cart” buttons enhance conversion charges.

Figuring out Present “Add to Cart” Button Implementations

WooCommerce, a well-liked e-commerce plugin for WordPress, continuously incorporates “Add to Cart” buttons to facilitate product purchases. Understanding how these buttons are usually applied, their variations, and their integration with photographs is essential for efficient web site design and person expertise. This part explores widespread approaches to button placement, styling, and visible enchantment.

Typical Placement of “Add to Cart” Buttons

The “Add to Cart” button’s placement is usually instantly related to product shows. A typical location is instantly under the product picture and above any detailed product descriptions. This strategic positioning permits for a transparent visible cue and fast entry for customers looking product pages. Various places embrace inside a product carousel, a product comparability desk, or inside a aspect panel.

Variations in Present Implementations

Variations in “Add to Cart” button implementations embrace totally different button types (e.g., colour, form, and measurement). Some implementations incorporate a refined animation or visible cue when the button is interacted with, signaling profitable addition to the cart. These variations intention to enhance the person expertise and match the general aesthetic of the web site.

Integrating the Button with Photographs

Integrating the “Add to Cart” button with product photographs typically entails cautious spacing and alignment. The button is continuously positioned under or beside the picture to keep away from obstructing the picture’s major focus. The button’s measurement and colour are usually chosen to enrich the picture and general design scheme.

Styling the Button and Surrounding Components

Styling the button and its surrounding parts is significant for visible consistency and enchantment. Button colours are continuously chosen to distinction with the picture and background to make sure clear visibility. Frequent design issues embrace font choice, button form, and the usage of hover results to reinforce person interplay. Efficient styling creates a cohesive and user-friendly expertise.

Examples of Visually Interesting “Add to Cart” Buttons Beneath Photographs

Visually interesting “Add to Cart” buttons beneath photographs typically use contrasting colours for improved visibility. A button in a shade of orange or inexperienced, in opposition to a impartial background, will clearly stand out in opposition to a product picture. The button’s form is continuously rectangular or sq. to offer a clear and arranged look. A refined hover impact, resembling a slight change in colour or opacity, additional enhances person interplay and engagement.

These aesthetic selections improve the general visible enchantment and value of the button.

Designing a Responsive “Add to Cart” Button Placement

Responsive design is essential for e-commerce web sites to make sure optimum person expertise throughout numerous gadgets. A well-designed “Add to Cart” button, seamlessly built-in with the product picture, considerably impacts conversion charges. This part explores methods for implementing a responsive “Add to Cart” button that adapts to totally different display sizes, sustaining visible enchantment and person expertise.The position and design of the “Add to Cart” button ought to be meticulously deliberate to keep away from disrupting the person’s circulation.

A user-friendly button that’s simply accessible and visually interesting can result in a better conversion charge. It ought to be thought of that totally different display sizes require totally different button placements and sizes to make sure performance and a superb person expertise.

Format Concerns for Various Display screen Sizes

Efficient responsive design for the “Add to Cart” button necessitates consideration for display measurement variations. A hard and fast place for the button on smaller screens would possibly impede essential product info. On bigger screens, a button that is too small would possibly seem much less outstanding.

Adapting to Various Picture Sizes and Facet Ratios

The button’s design ought to alter to accommodate numerous picture sizes and facet ratios with out compromising its visible enchantment or performance. A hard and fast-size button would possibly look disproportionate or cramped if paired with a really tall or huge picture. That is essential to stop a poor person expertise on smaller screens.A versatile button, with responsive sizing primarily based on the picture’s dimensions, can resolve this drawback.

This may be achieved by utilizing CSS methods to resize the button relative to the picture. This enables the button to stay outstanding and purposeful whatever the picture measurement. Think about using CSS grid or flexbox layouts to place the button and guarantee responsiveness.

Centering the Button Beneath the Picture

The button’s place ought to be rigorously centered beneath the picture to keep away from visible litter and keep a clear format. Strategies for centering embrace utilizing CSS flexbox or grid layouts. These permit for straightforward customization and adjustment for various display sizes. The positioning ought to keep a visually pleasing relationship between the picture and the button.Utilizing CSS flexbox properties (like `justify-content: middle`) on the container that holds each the picture and the button can simply middle the button beneath the picture.

This supplies a clear and constant format throughout all display sizes. An alternative choice is utilizing CSS grid format to attain an identical centering impact, guaranteeing alignment with the picture’s place.

Sustaining Visible Enchantment and Person Expertise

Sustaining visible enchantment and person expertise throughout gadgets is paramount. Visible consistency is essential to making a optimistic person expertise. This contains utilizing applicable button colours and typography that complement the general web site design and really feel. Using correct spacing across the button can also be crucial to stop visible litter.Sustaining a transparent visible hierarchy is essential. The button ought to stand out with out overwhelming the picture or different design parts.

This may be achieved by adjusting the button’s measurement and colour primarily based on the picture. It will make sure that the button is simple to find and work together with. Moreover, the design ought to be optimized for accessibility, contemplating components like colour distinction and button measurement.

Integrating the Button with Picture Performance

Integrating the “Add to Cart” button with picture performance requires cautious consideration of dynamic show, responsive positioning, and visibility no matter picture attributes. This ensures a seamless person expertise, stopping the button from obstructing essential product info. A well-integrated button enhances the general aesthetic enchantment and value of the product show.

Dynamic Button Show Primarily based on Picture Loading

Implementing dynamic show of the button hinges on the picture loading course of. JavaScript performs an important position in detecting when the picture is totally loaded. A typical method entails utilizing the `onload` occasion listener. This ensures the button is displayed solely after the picture has been efficiently retrieved and rendered, stopping the button from showing prematurely or flashing earlier than the picture.

Adjusting Button Place Primarily based on Picture Dimension Adjustments

Picture measurement variations, particularly on totally different display sizes or inside responsive designs, necessitate adjusting the button’s place. This ensures the button stays seen and accessible, even when the picture scales. Using CSS `place: absolute;` together with applicable `prime` and `left` values permits exact management of the button’s placement relative to the picture. Media queries will be employed to tailor the button’s place to totally different display sizes and resolutions.

This technique additionally prevents the button from overlapping with the picture’s content material, even when the picture measurement is altered by the person or the web site’s design.

Guaranteeing Button Visibility No matter Picture Attributes

The button’s visibility should not rely on the picture’s alt textual content or caption. Even when these parts are lacking or have empty strings, the button ought to stay seen. Guaranteeing the button’s placement is impartial of the picture’s alt textual content or caption entails setting the button’s place utilizing CSS. By using a hard and fast place and relative positioning, the button will stay seen whatever the content material inside the picture.

The positioning of the button ought to be pre-determined to keep away from obstructions and overlap.

Stopping Button Obstruction of Necessary Info

To keep away from obstructing essential info, the button’s place should be rigorously thought of. A key facet is guaranteeing the button would not overlap or obscure essential particulars, resembling product descriptions, evaluations, or pricing. The button ought to be positioned under the picture, guaranteeing it would not disguise important info. A method to mitigate overlap is to set a selected margin or padding worth for the button within the CSS, guaranteeing enough spacing from the picture and different content material parts.

Step-by-Step Process for Inserting the Button Under an Picture, Tips on how to woocommerce add to cart beneath the picture divi

This detailed process Artikels methods to place the button under the picture, sustaining responsiveness and visibility.

1. Establish the Picture Component: Use JavaScript to focus on the picture factor on the web page.
2. Decide Button Placement: Resolve on the exact place (e.g., under the picture) utilizing CSS `place: absolute` or `place: relative` and `prime`, `backside`, `left`, and `proper` values. Calculate the suitable offset.
3. Implement Dynamic Positioning: Make use of JavaScript to make sure the button’s positioning updates in real-time primarily based on the picture’s dimensions or any changes that will happen.
4. Model the Button: Make the most of CSS to fashion the button, together with its background colour, textual content, and padding. Regulate styling as wanted to suit the picture and general website design.
5. Testing and Refinement: Completely check the button’s visibility and positioning throughout totally different display sizes and browsers. Regulate the CSS values as wanted to make sure a seamless person expertise.

Styling and Customization of the Button

Customizing the looks of the WooCommerce “Add to Cart” button inside a Divi theme permits for a seamless integration with the general design. Cautious styling ensures the button enhances the person expertise by visually signaling its goal and aligning with the theme’s aesthetics. This part explores strategies for modifying button look, incorporating customized CSS, and aligning the button with the Divi theme’s design language.

CSS Customization Methods

Customizing the button’s visible attributes, resembling colour, form, and font, is achieved by means of CSS. These modifications permit for a constant and aesthetically pleasing integration with the present theme parts. By leveraging CSS selectors, builders can goal particular parts and apply distinctive types to the “Add to Cart” button.

Button Types and Corresponding CSS

Completely different button types will be applied to match numerous design themes. The next desk demonstrates a number of button types and the corresponding CSS code. These types cater to totally different aesthetic preferences and make sure the button’s visible consistency.

.woocommerce button.button
  background-color: #4CAF50;
  colour: white;
  border: none;
  padding: 10px 20px;
  border-radius: 5px;
  cursor: pointer;

      

.woocommerce button.button.button-secondary
  background-color: #e0e0e0;
  colour: #333;
  border: 1px strong #ccc;
  padding: 8px 15px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  cursor: pointer;

      

.woocommerce button.button:hover
  background-color: #45a049;

      

.woocommerce button.button
  border-radius: 20px;

      

Integrating Customized CSS

Integrating customized CSS into the Divi theme construction will be achieved utilizing numerous strategies. One method is to make the most of Divi’s theme customizer. This method permits for straightforward modifications and previewing of modifications with out instantly modifying the theme information. Alternatively, utilizing a baby theme is really helpful for sustaining theme updates.

This follow prevents customized modifications from being overwritten throughout theme updates.

Complementing the Divi Theme Design

The “Add to Cart” button ought to seamlessly combine with the Divi theme’s general design aesthetic. Take into account the theme’s colour palette, typography, and general format when choosing button colours, fonts, and sizes. Guaranteeing consistency in fashion parts between the button and different theme parts creates a cohesive person expertise. Matching the button’s font to the theme’s major font and utilizing colours from the theme’s colour palette helps in sustaining visible concord.

Dealing with Numerous Picture Varieties and Sizes

Completely different picture codecs and sizes considerably impression the visible presentation and performance of the WooCommerce “Add to Cart” button. Guaranteeing the button seamlessly integrates with various picture attributes is essential for a optimistic person expertise and a constant visible design. This part particulars methods for dealing with numerous picture varieties and sizes, sustaining button placement and responsiveness, and stopping points like untimely button show.

Picture codecs like JPG, PNG, and GIF have various traits that have an effect on show and loading. Acceptable dealing with ensures the button’s visible consistency throughout these codecs, avoiding surprising show inconsistencies.

Managing Picture Codecs

Completely different picture codecs have an effect on the button’s visible consistency. JPGs, recognized for compression, would possibly result in barely various picture sizes in comparison with PNGs, which protect extra element however are bigger in file measurement. GIFs are primarily used for animations and have restricted colour palettes, influencing their general show. Dealing with these codecs appropriately ensures that the button maintains a constant visible relationship with the picture, no matter the format.

Using responsive design ideas will make sure the button scales appropriately with the picture, mitigating the impression of differing picture codecs.

Guaranteeing Constant Button Show with Various Picture Sizes

Sustaining a constant button placement and measurement relative to totally different picture dimensions is essential for a user-friendly expertise. A button that overlaps or seems too massive or small relative to the picture will be jarring. Implementing responsive design methods permits the button to regulate its place and measurement dynamically, accommodating numerous picture sizes with out compromising the visible concord.

Utilizing CSS properties like `place: absolute` and `left`, `prime` attributes can keep exact positioning relative to the picture. Cautious calculation of percentages, or `width` and `top` in pixels, will make sure the button maintains a correct measurement relative to the picture. Using JavaScript and doubtlessly a library like jQuery can dynamically resize the button primarily based on picture dimensions.

Managing Picture Loading and Stopping Untimely Button Show

The “Add to Cart” button ought to seem solely after the picture has totally loaded to keep away from a jarring visible expertise. Untimely show can disrupt the person circulation. Implementing a loading mechanism, resembling a placeholder or a spinner, throughout the picture loading course of can present a greater person expertise. Utilizing JavaScript to watch the picture’s loading standing, usually by means of the `onload` occasion, is a dependable method.

This enables the button to be displayed solely after the picture has completed loading. This method avoids a noticeable delay between picture and button look, which is essential for sustaining a clean and interesting person expertise.

Sustaining Button Place Relative to Picture

Sustaining the button’s place relative to the picture is important for a cohesive design, particularly when coping with responsive photographs. The button ought to stay aligned with the picture, whatever the picture’s measurement or responsiveness. Utilizing absolute positioning and calculating the button’s place primarily based on the picture’s dimensions permits for a constant placement throughout totally different display sizes. By using JavaScript or CSS media queries, the button’s positioning will be adjusted dynamically primarily based on the picture’s dimensions.

Responsive Sizing of the Button

The button’s measurement ought to be conscious of the picture’s dimensions. A button that’s too massive or too small relative to the picture can detract from the general visible enchantment and person expertise. Responsive sizing entails calculating the button’s dimensions primarily based on the picture’s dimensions. Utilizing JavaScript and calculating the share of the picture’s width or top can dynamically resize the button to match the picture.

CSS media queries can additional refine the responsiveness to make sure the button adapts appropriately throughout totally different display sizes. Utilizing percentages for button width and top is an efficient technique to obtain responsiveness, because it permits the button to scale proportionally with the picture.

Troubleshooting Frequent Points

Integrating a WooCommerce “Add to Cart” button beneath a Divi picture requires cautious consideration to element, and potential points can come up. Understanding the potential issues and their options is essential for a seamless person expertise. This part particulars widespread pitfalls and supplies efficient troubleshooting methods.

Troubleshooting entails figuring out the supply of the issue, using methodical debugging methods, and implementing applicable fixes. Cautious examination of the code and design parts, coupled with a methodical method, is important to resolving any points that will come up.

Responsiveness Points and Button Placement

Correct responsiveness is paramount for a optimistic person expertise throughout totally different display sizes. Issues in button placement could manifest because the button overlapping the picture or not aligning appropriately on smaller screens.

• Viewport-specific Changes: Guaranteeing the button adapts to numerous display sizes is essential. Media queries are important to regulate button place and measurement dynamically. Incorrect or lacking media queries can result in the button being obscured or misplaced on totally different gadgets.
• Picture Scaling and Container Limitations: If the picture container would not alter dynamically, the button won’t show appropriately when the picture resizes. Using responsive picture methods (e.g., utilizing the `srcset` attribute) ensures the button stays seen and aligned whatever the picture’s measurement on totally different gadgets.
• Incorrect CSS Guidelines: Issues with CSS guidelines (e.g., incorrect margins, padding, or positioning) can result in button placement inconsistencies. Cautious assessment of the CSS code associated to the button and the picture container is critical to make sure correct alignment and responsiveness throughout totally different display sizes.

Integrating the Button with Picture Performance

Integrating the button with picture performance requires meticulous consideration to code interactions. Potential points embrace the button not triggering the add-to-cart motion or failing to answer image-related occasions.

• Incorrect JavaScript Interactions: Errors in JavaScript code dealing with the button’s click on occasion can forestall the add-to-cart motion from being executed. Completely assessment JavaScript code to make sure it appropriately interacts with the WooCommerce add-to-cart performance and the button’s click on occasion.
• Lacking or Incorrect Occasion Listeners: Guaranteeing the button’s click on occasion triggers the proper JavaScript capabilities is essential. Lacking or improperly configured occasion listeners can result in the button not responding. Examine if the proper occasion listeners are hooked up to the button factor and if the related capabilities are correctly applied.
• Conflicting Plugins or Themes: Conflicts with different plugins or themes can disrupt the combination course of. Establish any conflicting plugins or themes that is likely to be inflicting the problem and discover a technique to resolve the battle to make sure clean integration.

Troubleshooting Design-Implementation Discrepancies

Discrepancies between the meant design and the precise implementation can stem from numerous causes. Cautious comparability and validation of the visible parts are crucial to make sure the button aligns with the design specs.

• Visible Inspection: Thorough visible inspection of the button’s look on totally different browsers and gadgets is essential. This enables for identification of visible inconsistencies which may not be obvious by means of the design preview.
• Cross-Browser Compatibility Testing: Testing the combination on totally different browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari) is important to determine any cross-browser rendering points. Confirm the button’s look and performance in every browser to ensure consistency.
• Comparability with Design Mockups: Evaluating the precise implementation with the design mockups or specs is a crucial troubleshooting step. Discrepancies between the meant design and the implementation ought to be recognized and resolved.

Debugging the Integration Course of

Debugging the combination course of entails using methods to pinpoint and resolve errors. Cautious examination of the code and related knowledge is important.

• Console Logging: Using console logging within the browser’s developer instruments may also help observe the circulation of the code and determine potential errors. Logging crucial steps within the integration course of can present insights into the problem.
• Step-by-Step Examination: Methodical assessment of the code (HTML, CSS, and JavaScript) associated to the button and picture integration helps pinpoint the supply of the issue. This entails rigorously inspecting every part of the combination course of to determine any discrepancies.
• Testing with a Minimal Setup: Simulating the combination in a simplified surroundings (e.g., a separate testing web site) helps isolate the issue to particular code or configurations. This may isolate the issue and make debugging extra environment friendly.

Demonstrating Finest Practices: How To Woocommerce Add To Cart Beneath The Picture Divi

Implementing a “Add to Cart” button beneath product photographs in WooCommerce with Divi requires cautious consideration of person expertise and accessibility. Finest practices guarantee a seamless and intuitive buying expertise, whatever the person’s gadget or technical capabilities. This part particulars essential facets of efficient implementation, together with numerous approaches and the significance of adhering to accessibility requirements.

Finest Practices for WooCommerce and Divi Integration

Correct integration of WooCommerce and Divi ensures optimum performance and a optimistic person expertise. This contains aligning button placement with general website design, guaranteeing responsiveness throughout totally different display sizes, and prioritizing person accessibility. Using Divi’s built-in options and WooCommerce’s sturdy functionalities is essential to reaching a sophisticated and user-friendly design.

Comparability of Approaches for Button Placement

Completely different approaches for positioning the “Add to Cart” button under the picture provide various person experiences. A simple method entails instantly putting the button beneath the picture. Alternatively, a extra refined method would possibly make the most of a hover impact or a lightbox to show the button on interplay. This comparability evaluates every technique’s effectiveness and person suggestions.

• Direct Placement: This technique entails positioning the button instantly beneath the product picture. That is usually essentially the most easy implementation, providing a transparent and concise name to motion. Nevertheless, it could generally visually litter the product show if not rigorously designed.
• Hover Impact: This technique entails displaying the “Add to Cart” button solely when the person hovers over the picture. This method may also help preserve area on the web page, notably for cell gadgets, however it won’t be intuitive for customers unfamiliar with the sort of interplay.
• Lightbox: Using a lightbox entails revealing the button inside a separate, overlaying window when the person clicks or interacts with the picture. This technique can present extra product particulars and improve the person expertise, however it could additionally add complexity to the design, doubtlessly complicated customers unfamiliar with this interface.

Advantages of Adhering to Finest Practices

Adhering to greatest practices ensures a constant person expertise throughout totally different gadgets and browsers. It results in elevated conversion charges by offering a streamlined buying course of. Moreover, accessibility pointers are paramount to make sure inclusivity for customers with disabilities.

Significance of Accessibility for Customers with Disabilities

Guaranteeing accessibility is essential for a optimistic person expertise for everybody. This contains incorporating correct colour distinction, utilizing various textual content descriptions for photographs, and guaranteeing correct keyboard navigation. Customers with disabilities, together with these with visible impairments, motor impairments, and cognitive variations, ought to be capable to simply use the “Add to Cart” button.

Examples of Properly-Applied “Add to Cart” Buttons Beneath Photographs

Quite a few e-commerce websites show efficient placement of the “Add to Cart” button beneath the product picture. These websites typically make the most of a easy, uncluttered design, sustaining a transparent visible hierarchy that prioritizes the decision to motion. Visible examples of well-implemented button placement spotlight the benefits of clear visible cues and intuitive interplay.

• Visible Hierarchy: A well-implemented “Add to Cart” button beneath the picture maintains a transparent visible hierarchy. The button is definitely discernible and clearly communicates its goal. The button’s colour and measurement distinction with the encircling parts, guiding customers in the direction of the motion.
• Responsiveness: The design adapts to totally different display sizes and resolutions. The button maintains its visibility and value, no matter whether or not the person is looking on a desktop laptop, pill, or cell phone.
• Accessibility Concerns: The positioning makes use of correct colour distinction, guaranteeing the button is definitely seen to customers with visible impairments. Various textual content descriptions are included for all photographs, offering extra context for display readers.

Finish of Dialogue

In conclusion, this information supplies a radical method to putting WooCommerce “Add to Cart” buttons beneath photographs inside a Divi-based web site. By addressing responsiveness, styling, and integration nuances, it empowers customers to optimize their e-commerce website for a seamless and visually interesting buying journey. The detailed steps, examples, and troubleshooting suggestions provide a sensible roadmap for reaching knowledgeable and user-friendly on-line retailer.

FAQ Compilation

How do I forestall the button from showing earlier than the picture hundreds?

Make use of JavaScript to dynamically show the button after the picture hundreds. Use the `onload` occasion for the picture factor to set off the button’s look.

What if the picture measurement varies considerably?

Implement responsive design ideas for the button. Use CSS media queries to regulate button sizing and positioning primarily based on totally different display sizes and picture facet ratios.

How do I middle the button beneath the picture?

Make use of CSS methods like `text-align: middle;` or versatile field layouts to exactly middle the button beneath the picture, no matter picture dimensions.

How can I customise the button’s fashion?

Make the most of CSS to regulate button colours, shapes, fonts, and different visible parts. Make sure the button’s fashion enhances the general Divi theme’s aesthetic.